COMMENTS ON EPA’S DRAFT “EMISSION ESTIMATION PROTOCOL FOR Petroleum Refineries

A Review on Crude Oil Fouling and Mitigation Methods in Pre-heat Trains of Iranian Oil Refineries

Crude oil fouling of the equipment surfaces is a troublesome issue which leads to operating difficulties, economic penalties, increased environmental impacts, and health and safety hazards in petroleum industry. With a rough estimation, a minimum cost of equal to 4 million barrels of oil/year is required to be invested to offset the costs of crude oil fouling in Pre-heat Trains of Iranian oil r...

EPA’s Responses to Public Comments on EPA’s National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units

AN OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO REFINERY STEAM MANAGEMENT WITH CONSIDERATION OF CO2 EMISSION

The importance of energy crisis and global warming necessitates presenting strategies in order to decrease the amount of emissions as well as fuel consumption in large and complex industries such as refineries and petrochemical industries. Generally, refinery steam networks are regarded as units which consume fuel enormously. In this paper, the steam network of Tehran Oil Refinery is considered...

Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Benzene in Petroleum Refinery Environments

The health risk resulting from benzene exposure in petroleum refineries was calculated using data from the scientific literature from various countries throughout the world. The exposure data was collated into four scenarios from petroleum refinery environments and plotted as cumulative probability distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient ...

Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Unconventional Natural Gas Production

Natural gas comprises almost one-fourth of all energy used in the U.S. New technologies, sometimes referred to as “unconventional” have enabled the production of more natural gas and have expanded domestic energy reserves. Natural gas is generally recognized as a clean-burning fuel source, producing less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per quantity of energy consumed than either coal or oil. How...